There is a significant gap between those who need mental health care and those who receive care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to a major shortage of psychiatrists and psychologists. LSHTM-led research from 2013 onwards showed how lay health workers could help people with common mental health disorders. This played a key role in informing, promoting and scaling-up new evidence-based approaches to mental health care in LMICs, including training lay health workers, and developing national policies to improve access to treatment in Africa and India. For example, the ground-breaking Friendship Bench intervention, which trains elderly community health workers, has been expanded across Zimbabwe, reaching 80,000 people in over 50 communities, and replicated in other countries.
Underpinning research
Common mental disorders comprise two main diagnostic categories: depressive disorders and anxiety disorders. WHO data indicate that 4.4% of the global population suffer from depressive disorders, and 3.6% from anxiety disorders. These are not just the most common types of mental illness, but were also the leading cause of Years Lived with Disability (YLD) in 2015. Alcohol use is also a leading cause of YLD and death, accounting for 7% of male adult deaths and 2% of adult female deaths globally. Many individuals with mental health disorders remain untreated, resulting in a ‘treatment gap’ - the proportion of people with disease who are not in treatment. For example, in India, approximately 10% of the population have depression, anxiety or substance use disorders, but 83% of this group do not receive treatment. In Zimbabwe in 2018, there were just 12 psychiatrists and 16 psychologists for a population of 14.4 million.
To address this gap, LSHTM staff including Dr Dixon Chibanda, Dr Abhijit Nadkarni, Professor Helen Weiss, Professor Vikram Patel, Professor Ricardo Araya and Professor Betty Kirkwood tested new approaches to mental health care using trained and supervised lay-health workers delivering community-based psychosocial interventions.
The benefits of counselling by lay workers
In India, between 2013 and 2015, LSHTM researchers led randomised controlled trials (RCTs) estimating the effectiveness of counselling and health promoting activity for alcoholism and depression respectively. The trials, led by Patel, demonstrated improved mental health outcomes for people as a result of community intervention strategies.
• The (‘project to promote mental health’ in Konkani) trial found that a lay-counsellor-led intervention for depressive and anxiety disorders led to improvements in recovery from common mental disorders over 12 months. The trial randomised 24 primary health care (PHC) facilities to a collaborative stepped-care treatment model of case management and psychosocial interventions provided by a trained lay counsellor. Of the 1098 patients with common mental disorders in this intervention group, 620 (65.0%) had recovered at 6 months compared with 553/1144 (52.9%) of those in the control group. The effectiveness was sustained at the 12-month endpoint.
• The ) randomised 495 adult primary care attendees with moderately severe to severe depression to either the HAP (lay-counsellor delivered treatment for severe depression) plus enhanced usual care (EUC) or EUC alone. HAP participants showed gains at the end of treatment on outcomes such as severity of depression, remission, recovery and suicidal behaviour, and maintained these through the 12-month follow-up.
• The randomised 377 adult male primary care attendees with harmful alcohol tendencies to either CAP plus enhanced usual care (EUC) or EUC alone. CAP participants showed gains at the end of treatment on outcomes such as remission, abstinence, recovery and percent of days abstinent, and maintained these through the 12-month follow-up.
The Friendship Bench approach
In Zimbabwe, LSHTM collaborated with Kings College London and the University of Zimbabwe on the Friendship Bench trial, which evaluated a scalable and cost-effective intervention to reduce the mental health treatment gap in LMICs. To combat the lack of clinical professionals in psychiatric care, the team in Zimbabwe trained elderly community lay health workers (known as ‘grandmothers’) in problem-solving therapy and behaviour activation (a coping strategy to increase contact with positively rewarding activities) from 2014 to 2015. The lay health workers then delivered up to six one-to-one sessions on a park bench near a primary health care facility over a 4 to 6 week period. Among 573 randomised patients (286 in the intervention group and 287 in the control group), 85% were women, and 41% were living with HIV. The trial found that at the 6-month endpoint, intervention group participants had fewer symptoms than control group participants on the Shona Symptom Questionnaire. Intervention group participants were also found to have lower risk of symptoms of depression
Details of the impact
This programme of research by LSHTM researchers and country partners underpinned the increased introduction of innovative interventions to address common mental health problems in resource-poor settings in India, Zimbabwe and elsewhere. The researchers addressed the shortage in psychiatrists in these settings by training lay health workers to deliver counselling and therapy to thousands of people who would otherwise have missed out on any care.
The ultimate lay worker intervention for mental health: the Friendship Bench
The Friendship Bench trial demonstrated the effectiveness of lay health workers delivering talking therapy at primary care level to help people in their communities suffering from anxiety and depression. Since its pilot in Harare, Zimbabwe, the Friendship Bench has become a national and international tool to improve mental health. The training material was adjusted to suit a wider audience, and the intervention rolled out in 2016 in Harare, in cooperation with the City Health Department, by training groups of 30 lay health workers in three different locations. A randomised design for the roll-out enabled it to be scientifically evaluated. Beneficiaries of the programme experienced an 80% reduction in depression and suicidal thoughts, and a 60% improvement in quality of life. The Friendship Bench team then trained over 400 ‘grandmothers’ who provided talking therapy in 70 communities in Zimbabwe, helping over 30,000 people in 2017 alone.
The became a national programme in Zimbabwe in March 2019, and by then was available in more than 100 communities in Harare, Chitungwiza, and Gweru. By 2020, over 50,000 people across the country had accessed the programme via 700 trained grandmothers. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when social distancing measures had to be implemented, the Friendship Bench Zimbabwe adapted to provide a free talking therapy service through the ‘Friendship Bench open line’, offering one-to-one support with a trained counsellor over the phone.
A follow-on initiative called ‘Circle Kubatana Tose’ (meaning ‘holding hands together’) enables Friendship Bench clients to join community support groups after they have had individual sessions. These have been running for 6 years in 34 communities, reporting improvement in quality of life, income generation, and school attendance of participants. The groups share personal experiences to support each other, and have set up community gardens and business initiatives.
Spreading globally and sharing learning with high-income countries
From Zimbabwe, the Friendship Bench has been implemented in Malawi, Zanzibar, and Kenya, and also integrated into HIV care. Although the Friendship Bench was developed in the global South, it has been adapted for countries in the global North, a valuable example of South-North learning. In New York, Friendship Benches were piloted in 2016 in the Bronx area of the city and launched in mid-2017, . A total of 60,000 people visited a New York Friendship Bench between 2017 and 2018, demonstrating the programme’s relevance for high-income settings (5.2, 5.4). The New York programme supplied free downloadable PDF resources for lay health worker training, including training manuals, patient questionnaires, and information on culturally appropriate terminology. Several Canadian organisations have also implemented the approach with support from the original Zimbabwe team and funding from Grand Challenges Canada.
Dixon Chibanda, the founder of Friendship Bench, joined LSHTM in 2018. Prior to this, he gave a TED Talk on the Friendship Bench trial in 2017, which has had 2.9 million views. Since joining LSHTM, he has participated in a mental health awareness panel with HRH Prince William The Duke of Cambridge and New Zealand Prime Minster Jacinda Ardern at the 2019 World Economic Forum in Davos. At the Global Mental Health Summit in 2018, The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge pledged their support to the Friendship Bench.
Training manuals and education programmes
The MANAS and PREMIUM trial outputs were adapted into psychological treatment manuals in 2013, co-authored by LSHTM researchers, on Counselling for Alcohol Problems and the Healthy Activity Programme. Four free, competency-based open access digital courses were subsequently developed by the authors in partnership with the Annenberg Physician Training Programme in Addictive Disease and the PREMIUM programme, funded by the Wellcome Trust, and in association with Sangath Organisation and the Government of Goa’s Directorate of Health Services. The courses (Alcohol Counselling; Depression Counselling; Psychological Counselling; and Screening for Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substance Abuse Disorders in Primary Care) were hosted by NextGenU.org and aimed at community health workers and lay people providing peer counselling.
The trials in India also underpinned the specific recommendations of the Disease Control Priorities (DCP) 3 on Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Disorders, which was co-edited by Patel in 2015. The DCP is a periodic review of the most up-to-date evidence on cost-effective interventions to address the burden of disease in low-resource settings. It is targeted at governments, universities and physicians, and aims to strengthen capacity for evidence-based decision making.
Based on the outputs of the PREMIUM trials, since re-joining LSHTM in 2018, Nadkarni also delivered training on depression, alcohol and tobacco de-addiction, and on counselling programmes, to several groups of participants in Africa and Asia including nurses, dentists, doctors, and counsellors in Goa in 2020, Buddhist nuns at the Ladakh Nuns Association in 2019, and counsellors and staff at the Sex Workers’ Outreach Programme in Nairobi, Kenya.
Recognising the need for degree-based mental health training for professionals in the field and the importance of strengthening mental health systems worldwide, LSHTM and King’s College London (KCL) launched a Master’s in Global Mental Health in 2012. LSHTM experts wrote course material based on research findings, and taught students about policy, leadership and research to address the resource shortage of trained psychiatrists and evidence-base for action in global mental health. The MSc has accepted 50 students per year since its inception, with around half from LMICs. Graduates have gone on to careers in national mental health policy and planning, epidemiological and mental health services research, and advisory and advocacy roles in governments, international agencies and non-governmental organisations.