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highlights the steps that need to be taken to maximise opportunities to improve health, while at the same time preventing new challenges, such as chronic diseases, from taking hold.

The report is authored by more than 20 health leaders, mainly from across Africa, including policy makers, academics, clinicians and entrepreneurs, and was launched at the (APHRC) in Nairobi (Kenya) on 14th September. 

“We need to pay as much attention to preventing ill-health and keeping people healthy as we do to treating them when they are sick” - Dr Nduku Kilonzo

The authors set out their vision for people-centred health systems that in addition to providing high quality hospital care, focus on prevention, public health and primary care, and have Africa-based and home-grown solutions, embedded within the realities of each country, at their core. Several initiatives have been introduced throughout Africa, including partnerships with the private sector, promoting healthy behaviours and the involvement of patients and families in the management of their conditions.

Dr Nduku Kilonzo, Chief Executive Officer, (Kenya), said: “Opportunities ahead cannot be unlocked by keeping to the same pace and using more of the same approach to health systems. We need to pay as much attention to preventing ill-health and keeping people healthy as we do to treating them when they are sick.”

The youth population under 25 is projected to nearly double from 230 million to 450 million by 2050, bringing with it a new set of opportunities, as well as challenges. Improved nutrition, education and opportunities to remain in work on the continent will be key to ensuring their success. Enhanced support for education (including higher education) and research in all Sub-Saharan African countries will also be critically important.

Co-author Professor Alex Ezeh, Executive Director, APHRC, said: “Africa's young people will be key to bringing about the changes needed to accelerate efforts to improve health across sub-Saharan Africa.”

New projections produced for the Commission suggest that child and maternal mortality will continue to decline, and despite variations between regions, the projection for child mortality in Southern Africa is expected to almost meet the Sustainable Development Goal target.

“The prevention of a major tobacco epidemic could be sub-Saharan Africa’s greatest historic public health opportunity” - Professor Peter Piot

Despite this, challenges remain as the region faces a growing burden of non-communicable diseases, with increasing rates of smoking, mental health problems, obesity and diabetes. The current shortfall of health care workers will be exacerbated and insufficient financial protection means out-of-pocket payments for health remain high. Any decrease in international or national funding will result in a serious deterioration in the health status of many of the poorest populations.

The report points to historic, not to be missed opportunities, including preventing a major tobacco epidemic by implementing tobacco control policies now.

Professor Peter Piot, co-author and Director of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, said: “The prevention of a major tobacco epidemic could be sub-Saharan Africa’s greatest historic public health opportunity. A major question for Africa is whether a rise in chronic conditions can be prevented, or whether a perverse kind of convergence will occur, with prevalence rates on par with the rest of the world.”

In 2014, 32 sub-Saharan countries spent less than 3% of GDP on health, suggesting that the 5% target has not yet been achieved. Exact spending on health needs to be determined on a country-by-country basis, however it is clear that government health expenditure needs to be sustained or increased against international targets (eg 5% of GDP, 15% of government expenditure, and US$86 per capita).

Countries should consider the use of dedicated taxes with proven health benefits and revenue generation effects, ensure efficient pooling and coverage for poor and disadvantaged people, and improve financial efficiency and accountability.

The report also stresses that mobile technology and innovation can make a difference in promoting health in Africa and overcome some of the human resource and structural barriers in health.  There are now three mobile phones for every four people in sub-Saharan Africa.

Bright Simons, co-author and founder of (Ghana), whose mobile app is designed to identify counterfeit medicines, said: “By adopting more advanced, but appropriate, technologies rather than following slow, classic, paths to address health workforce constraints and improve people’s access to quality health services, African countries can realise the potential to leapfrog opportunities for health in Africa, sometimes in world-leading ways.”

Dr Myriam Sidibe, Social Mission Director, (Kenya), and co-author of the report added: “The report highlights the importance of public-private partnerships in moving Africa’s health agenda forward.  Several innovative initiatives demonstrate the power of partnerships in enabling delivery of change at a scale to make a real impact. Two examples include the private sectors participation in the large-scale hand sanitation that was part of the Ebola response in West Africa, and programmes in partnership with Ministries of Health and soap manufacturers that target reduction in neonatal mortality by training health workers and ensuring access to soap in health facilities. These interventions have helped to teach almost 100 million people in Africa about the importance of handwashing with soap as a key prevention measures to life-threatening diseases.”

Professor Souleymane Mboup, Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidémiologique et de Formations (Senegal), co-author, said: “The Ebola outbreak in West Africa from 2013 to 2016 overwhelmed local health systems, and caused catastrophic disease and loss of life as well as social and economic disruption. The crisis reaffirmed the importance of involving communities and citizens in shaping their health systems and services. In Senegal and Nigeria, strong leadership and capacity in the public health system helped to contain the epidemic early. We must learn the lessons from this tragedy and redouble our commitment to building more resilient health systems.”

Commenting on the launch of the report, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General of the and an initial member of The Lancet Africa Commission, said: “This report is central to the future of health in Africa. Led by Africans, the Commission highlights important opportunities to improve health in the continent within the next decade –opportunities that we simply cannot afford to miss. Despite the challenges, the report’s message is one of optimism; that with the right approaches, Africa has the potential to close the health gap and reduce inequalities to ensure good health for all, with no one left behind.”

Publication

Irene Akua Agyepong, Nelson Sewankambo, Agnes Binagwaho, Awa Marie Coll-Seck, Tumani Corrah, Alex Ezeh, Abebaw Fekadu, Nduku Kilonzo, Peter Lamptey, Felix Masiye, Bongani Mayosi, Souleymane Mboup, Jean-Jacques Muyembe, Muhammad Pate, Myriam Sidibe, Bright Simons, Sheila Tlou, Adrian Gheorghe, Helena Legido-Quigley, Joanne McManus, Edmond Ng, Maureen O’Leary, Jamie Enoch, Nicholas Kassebaum, Peter Piot. . The Lancet. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)3210